Chinese villa sunken courtyard diagram

Quick answer：

A sunken courtyard in a Chinese-style villa typically refers to a courtyard that is below ground level, creating a semi-private outdoor space. This design feature is common in traditional Chinese architecture and can be seen in various forms across different regions. The courtyard often serves as a tranquil retreat, incorporating elements such as gardens, pools, or pavilions. It provides a balance between indoor and outdoor living spaces, offering both privacy and a connection to nature.